In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires

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Question

In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: D — WaterStep-by-step Solution:In both bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) and pteridophytes (ferns), the male gametes are called antherozoids (or spermatozoids). These are flagellated (biflagellate or multiflagellate) motile cells produced in antheridia. They require a continuous film of water on the plant surface to swim from the antheridium to the archegonium (which contains the female egg) for fertilisation. This is why bryophytes and pteridophytes are restricted to moist, humid habitats.Why other options are incorrect:Option A: Wind is used for pollination in gymnosperms and some angiosperms, not for transferring flagellated gametes in lower plants.Option B: Insects are pollinators of entomophilous angiosperms; they do not transport male gametes in cryptogams.Option C: Birds act as pollinators (ornithophily) in certain angiosperms; they play no role in gamete transport in bryophytes or pteridophytes.Key Concept: Bryophytes and Pteridophytes — both require water for sexual reproduction (fertilisation). Male gametes are flagellated antherozoids that swim through water to reach eggs. This dependence on water for reproduction is why these groups are called 'amphibians of the plant kingdom' (for bryophytes). Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved non-motile pollen grains, overcoming dependence on water for reproduction.

In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires

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