Match List I with List II:
List I (Interaction) — List II (Species A and B)
A. Mutualism — I. +(A),

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Question

Match List I with List II:
List I (Interaction) — List II (Species A and B)
A. Mutualism — I. +(A), O(B)
B. Commensalism — II. –(A), O(B)
C. Amensalism — III. +(A), –(B)
D. Parasitism — IV. +(A), +(B)
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: A — A–IV, B–I, C–II, D–IIIStep-by-step Solution:A. Mutualism → IV (+(A), +(B)): In mutualism, both interacting species benefit from the association. The net effect is positive for both populations. Examples: mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots (fungi provide minerals, plants provide carbohydrates); lichens (algae + fungi); fig tree and fig wasp; Rhizobium bacteria and legume roots.B. Commensalism → I (+(A), O(B)): In commensalism, one species (commensal, A) benefits while the other (host, B) is neither benefited nor harmed — the effect on B is neutral (O). Examples: epiphytes on trees (orchids gain support; tree unaffected); barnacles on whale skin; cattle egrets following grazing cattle (birds catch disturbed insects; cattle unaffected).C. Amensalism → II (–(A), O(B)): In amensalism, one species (A) is harmed while the other (B) is unaffected. Examples: Penicillium moulds secrete penicillin that inhibits bacterial growth (bacteria harmed, mould unaffected); black walnut tree (Juglans nigra) releases juglone that inhibits growth of nearby plants (allelopathy); large trees shading out smaller understory plants.D. Parasitism → III (+(A), –(B)): In parasitism, the parasite (A) benefits (gains nutrition, shelter) at the expense of the host (B), which is harmed. Examples: Plasmodium (malaria parasite) and human; Cuscuta (dodder) on host plants; tapeworms in gut; ticks on mammals.Key Concepts — Summary of Species Interactions:Mutualism: + +; Commensalism: + 0; Amensalism: − 0; Parasitism: + −; Competition: − −; Predation: + −.The +/0/− notation indicates the effect on the fitness/population growth rate of each species.Symbiosis (in the broad sense) includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism — any close physical association between two species.

Match List I with List II: List I (Interaction) — List II (Species A and B) A. Mutualism — I. +(A), O(B) B. Commensalism — II. –(A), O(B) C. Amensalism — III. +(A), –(B) D. Parasitism — IV. +(A), +(B) Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

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Match List I with List II: List I (Interaction) — List II (Species A and B) A. Mutualism — I. +(A), O(B) B. Commensalism — II. –(A), O(B) C. Amensalism — III. +(A), –(B) D. Parasitism — IV. +(A), +(B) Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

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