The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a

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Question

The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: A — revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San FranciscoStep-by-step Solution:The Ghadar Party (also spelled Gadar or Ghadr, meaning 'revolution' or 'mutiny' in Urdu/Hindi) was a revolutionary organisation founded in 1913 in San Francisco, California, USA by Indian immigrants — primarily Punjabi Sikh labourers and students who had migrated to North America for work. Its formal name was the 'Hindustan Ghadar Party.'Key details about the Ghadar Party: (1) Founded at a meeting in Astoria, Oregon in April 1913; its office was established in San Francisco at the 'Yugantar Ashram'; (2) Key founding figures: Har Dayal (the intellectual force), Sohan Singh Bhakna (first president), and others; (3) Published the newspaper 'Ghadar' (initially in Urdu and Punjabi) — it explicitly called for armed revolution against British rule; (4) When World War I broke out in 1914, the party planned a coordinated armed uprising across India — the Ghadar Mutiny of 1915 (February 1915) — which was betrayed and suppressed; (5) The party worked in collaboration with Indian revolutionaries in Germany (Berlin Committee) and Rash Behari Bose in India for the 1915 plan; (6) The party was not communist — it was a revolutionary nationalist organisation aiming to overthrow British rule through armed insurrection.Why other options are incorrect:Option B (Singapore): While there was the Indian Independence League with some presence in Singapore (especially during WWII), the Ghadar Party's headquarters was in San Francisco, not Singapore.Option C (Berlin): There was an 'Indian Independence Committee' (Berlin Committee) active during WWI coordinating with German authorities — but it was a separate organisation from the Ghadar Party, though both worked together for the 1915 uprising.Option D (Tashkent/Communist): The Communist Party of India was founded at Tashkent in 1920. The Ghadar Party was not communist — it predated and was distinct from Communist organisations.Key Concept: Ghadar Party significance: First diaspora-based revolutionary organisation; brought together Indian immigrants across the Pacific coast of North America; embraced secular, egalitarian ideology (rejected caste and religious divisions); distributed revolutionary literature; 1914 — Komagata Maru incident (Canadian government refused to allow 376 Punjabi immigrants to disembark); 1915 February mutiny — failed, leaders executed (Kartar Singh Sarabha became a martyr at age 19); legacy continued through Bhagat Singh's inspiration from Ghadar ideology.

The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a

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