Consider the following statements:Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create

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UPSC Prelims is a competitive examination conducted in India. This question is from the 2025 UPSC Prelims Science & Technology paper.

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Question

Consider the following statements:Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a 'future ready' railway system by 2028.'Kavach' is an Automatic Train Protection system developed in collaboration with Germany.'Kavach' system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section.Which of the statements given above are not correct?

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: A — I and II only (are NOT correct)Step-by-step Solution:The question asks which statements are NOT correct (i.e., identify the false statements).Statement I — NRP aims for 'future ready' railway by 2028: This is NOT correct (false). The National Rail Plan (NRP) was prepared by Indian Railways to create a 'future ready' railway system by 2030, not 2028. The NRP 2030 was released in 2021 to provide a long-term vision for Indian Railways. ✗ (Not correct)Statement II — Kavach developed in collaboration with Germany: This is NOT correct (false). Kavach (meaning 'armour' in Hindi) is an Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system developed indigenously by the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with Indian private companies (Medha, Kernex, and HBL Power Systems). It was NOT developed with Germany. It is a fully indigenous development under the 'Make in India' initiative. ✗ (Not correct)Statement III — Kavach consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section: This is correct. Kavach does include RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags fitted on the track in station areas. The system comprises: RFID tags on track and at signals; onboard equipment on locomotives; station equipment; and a control centre. The RFID tags help identify track sections and trigger automatic braking. ✓ (Correct)Thus, Statements I and II are NOT correct.Why other options are incorrect:Option B (II and III only not correct): Incorrect. Statement III is correct; Statement I is also not correct.Option C (I and III only not correct): Incorrect. Statement III is correct; Statement II is also not correct.Option D (All three not correct): Incorrect. Statement III is correct.Key Concept: Kavach (Automatic Train Protection System): Developer: RDSO (Research Designs and Standards Organisation) + Indian private companies (Medha, Kernex, HBL). Functions: Automatic application of brakes when signals are at danger; Prevents collision between trains on same track; Prevents train from passing a signal at danger (SPAD — Signal Passed at Danger); Auto-whistle in unmanned level crossings; Real-time monitoring of train movement. Technology: Uses RFID tags, GPS, GSM-R communication, and SIL-4 level (Safety Integrity Level) certified software. Deployment: Being deployed on Delhi-Mumbai and Delhi-Howrah corridors; Planned for 34,000 route km. National Rail Plan (NRP) 2030: Created to provide capacity to handle 100% of freight demand by 2030; Achieve modal share of 45% for railways in freight. Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs): Eastern DFC and Western DFC — key NRP components.

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