Match List I with List II:
List I List II
A. The Evil Quartet I. Cryopreservation
B. Ex situ conserv

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Question

Match List I with List II:
List I List II
A. The Evil Quartet I. Cryopreservation
B. Ex situ conservation II. Alien species invasion
C. Lantana camara III. Causes of biodiversity losses
D. Dodo IV. Extinction
Choose the option with all correct matches.
(1) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(2) A-III, B-II, C-I, D-IV
(3) A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
(4) A-III, B-IV, C-II, D-I

Accepted Answer

Correct Answer: C — A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IVStep-by-step Solution:The Evil Quartet → III (Causes of biodiversity losses): The 'Evil Quartet' is a term coined by biologist Jared Diamond to describe the four major anthropogenic (human-caused) causes of species extinction and biodiversity loss: (1) Habitat loss and fragmentation (the single most important cause — deforestation, wetland drainage, urbanization); (2) Over-exploitation (hunting, fishing, harvesting beyond sustainable limits); (3) Alien/Exotic species invasions (introduced species outcompete or prey on native species); (4) Co-extinctions (when one species goes extinct, dependent species also go extinct — e.g., host-parasite, pollinator-plant relationships). Thus, Evil Quartet → Causes of biodiversity losses.Ex situ conservation → I (Cryopreservation): Ex situ conservation means conserving biodiversity outside the natural habitat. Methods include: zoos, botanical gardens, wildlife safari parks, aquaria, gene banks, seed banks, and cryopreservation (storage of gametes, embryos, seeds, and other biological material at very low temperatures, usually in liquid nitrogen at –196°C, preserving them for long periods). Cryopreservation is specifically an ex situ conservation technique.Lantana camara → II (Alien species invasion): Lantana camara is a notorious invasive alien plant species introduced to India (and many tropical countries) as an ornamental plant. It now aggressively invades forests, grasslands, and agricultural lands, displacing native vegetation. It is one of the 100 worst invasive species globally (IUCN list).Dodo → IV (Extinction): The Dodo (Raphus cucullatus) was a flightless bird endemic to the island of Mauritius. It went extinct in the late 17th century (around 1680) due to hunting by sailors and predation by introduced species (pigs, cats, rats). It is the iconic symbol of human-caused extinction.Extended Explanation:Other examples of alien species invasion: Parthenium hysterophorus (carrot weed) — invasive weed in India causing allergic reactions; Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) — invasive aquatic plant blocking waterways and depleting oxygen; Nile perch introduced into Lake Victoria caused extinction of hundreds of native cichlid fish species. In situ conservation (within natural habitat) methods: national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, sacred groves, Ramsar wetlands. India has 14 biosphere reserves, 100+ national parks, and 500+ wildlife sanctuaries.Key Concepts: Evil Quartet, biodiversity loss causes, ex situ conservation, cryopreservation, invasive species (Lantana camara), extinction (Dodo), in situ vs ex situ conservation.

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